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A decompiler is a software that converts executable code into a low-level language. The original code no longer exists, but the decompiled version of it can be inspected. Decompiling is the process of converting compiled executable programs back to some form of source code so that it can be read and understood by a human being, even if they have no programming skills whatsoever. Decompilation is not reverse engineering, which requires specific knowledge about the program or system being examined. A decompiler attempts to reconstruct a high-level copy from an executable file for any computer architecture and from any source language, provided there is sufficient information in the machine-executable file to do so reliably. There are a number of well known decompilers, such as GDB, ld, SEGV-O-MATIC and DCD. These were applied to free software after the author's license expired, so the decompiled code could continue being available under a free software license. The main purpose of a decompiler is to preserve the functionality of a program, so that anyone can inspect or modify it. In practice it is often used in reverse engineering projects to facilitate the study and understanding of computer programs by people with little or no programming background. Applications include analyzing malware, debugging software errors in application executables, analyzing library calls in embedded systems and understanding how compiled code works at a low level. Decompilation is often used to reveal compiler bugs and errors in source code. It also reveals features of a program that were not thought about by the original developer and thus might change the semantics of what is written. For example, programmers can recompile a program with different optimization flags to see which parts of it take the most time and resources. Theoretically it is possible for an executable file to contain several versions of itself, which are assembled at different times, stored together in memory. Some decompilers are able to cope with this situation by keeping track of each loaded assembly part separately, then reconstituting the original code from the individual assemblies that make up the final executable. Decompilers are useful for routine reverse engineering tasks such as code inspection and bug hunting. An executable file can be slightly modified and recompiled to see what effect this has, without modification of the original source code. A decompiler can also be used to extract metadata from a program binary, including names and addresses of functions and variables. A "decompiled" program is a program that has been decompiled. Matching source language to target machine is called "pattern matching", while the process of reconstructing an original file from its decompilation is called "translation". Source code is compiled into object code and then into machine code. Decompilers operate on the machine code level, meaning they do not know about the source code and they cannot parse it. Therefore, decompilers cannot be used to produce source code from a program if some part of its functionality was implemented in some non-standard way, as this would violate the semantics of the source language. In such cases some transformation from one language to another must be applied first. For example, an input string might be transformed back to character array representation via a new function that performs some conversion step, or a confusing "goto" statement might be translated into a more standard form. A decompiler takes a binary executable as input. cfa1e77820
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